Modern classics in the interior - photos of interiors in the modern classic style

From this article you will learn:

What are the features of the modern classic style?
How to choose the right living room furniture in a modern classic style
What color scheme suits modern classics
How to correctly decorate and lighting a living room in a modern classic style
What are the features of decorating a living room in a modern classic style?
What should a kitchen-living room be like in a modern classic style?

In order to imagine what a living room in the modern classic style should be like, you must first understand some of the features of this style, such as furniture, the texture of wall coverings, floors, and types of decorations. In addition, it is worth finding out what is the reason that the classic style is so in demand around the world and remains in fashion to this day. In this article we will try to understand the details of modern classics in the interior.

What is remarkable about the living room interior in the style of modern classics

A living room in the style of a modern classic is an excellent option for people who, on the one hand, do not want to give up the combinations and forms to which they are accustomed within the framework of traditional styles, but at the same time gravitate towards modern trends. The combination of the familiar and the new within one living room provides a unique opportunity to create a strict and sophisticated, but at the same time quite interesting, unique interior for an apartment in Moscow.

Features of the modern classic style are as follows:

Classics never go out of fashion. The classic style is used to emphasize status, subtle taste and perfection of style.
Read also: Apartments in Moscow with an attic floor!
The modern classic style is also called compromise, because it provides many opportunities for successfully combining the past and the future. In addition, with this solution, the owners can change the decor of the room as much as they like, using modern fashion accessories.
The classic style is quite democratic: after all, it can be modest, but at the same time unusual. In order to create a living room in the style of a modern classic, it is recommended to use natural materials, or at least their imitation with high-quality analogues. Ordinary classics differ from modern ones in their wealth, chic and use of far-from-cheap accessories.
In the design of such an interior, as a rule, there is a place for unique textiles. Experts insist that the classic modern style should include handmade accessories, because this is the core of the entire decoration.
Modern classic style looks great in a room with high ceilings. Moreover, the area of the room does not necessarily have to be large. It doesn't matter. If you need to visually increase the size of the room, this can be done using mirrors. It is better to cover the floor with parquet in a classic style or in the form of a modern, newfangled pattern. The shade should match the overall design.
The classic color scheme is calm, without bright flashy colors. Light, pastel colors are a priority. Classic color compositions are chosen because they do not irritate, provide an opportunity to psychologically relax in a comfortable environment, and promote relaxation.
The characteristics of this style are in many ways similar to those of the traditional direction. For example, the principle of symmetry in the arrangement of furniture remains relevant. It is realized thanks to the presence of paired objects: armchairs, paintings, couches, which are located opposite each other in the room.
Modern classics are distinguished, as a rule, by natural expensive materials or imitation of them. A living room in a modern classic style is unique in that, by using various materials, it is possible to disguise accidental defects and inaccuracies made during renovation. In addition, it is possible to create a visually rich interior relatively inexpensively.
From the traditional style, modern classics took arches and columns, rich crystal chandeliers, candlesticks, paintings and mirrors in beautiful patterned frames, etc. Stucco molding decorating the light ceiling is also used in modern rooms.
Designers prefer high-quality, beautiful furniture for living room furnishings. Furniture can be exclusive, original, not large, but not necessarily made from natural materials. A competent approach to choosing interior items is important for the entire style.
If desired, a fireplace can be installed in the room. Today, the natural firebox is often replaced with an electric imitation, which became possible thanks to technical innovations. In this case, the fireplace becomes the central object of the entire room decor.
It is also possible to use antique pieces to enhance the overall aesthetics of the living room in a modern classic style. Antiques help to fulfill original design ideas, fill the interior with character and history, positivity and creativity.
Modern classics do not exclude the combination of natural materials for finishing and imitation: wood, stone. (For example, if the floor is covered with parquet, then the ceiling may well be artificial.)
Windows in a living room in a modern classic style must be decorated with curtains with chic and special sophistication. You need to use the most expensive fabrics; it’s a good idea to make curtains to order. The choice of textiles directly depends on the overall style, furniture upholstery and, of course, the desires of the home owners. It’s worth listening to the designer’s advice and your inner voice, combining all the important criteria into one and arriving at the optimal solution.
Ceilings in a classic modern living room can be multi-level, different in technology and materials: plasterboard, suspended, plastic, with stucco. There are a huge number of materials and methods for finishing the ceiling, but you need to choose the one that will be optimal for your budget and personal preferences and take into account the height of the room. Glossy ceilings create the effect of visually expanding space, and this is very important for small rooms.

Furniture design and decor options

All directions of the classical style have common features. They are characterized by luxury and pretentiousness, but when choosing furniture, decoration and decor, it is important to maintain unity. It is necessary to distinguish neoclassicism from baroque, renaissance from empire style.

Characteristic features of classical styles:

Neoclassical - characterized by the presence of Egyptian motifs. It is characterized by light, straight lines and classic proportions. The color scheme is restrained, and floral patterns are popular. The room is decorated with arches, niches, columns. White, brown, sand colors, as well as blue and gold are used.
Baroque is a palace, elaborate style. The decoration uses wood, marble, gilding, silk, brocade, and velvet. It is distinguished by curved lines, stucco molding, painting, and furniture is often carved. Premises in the Baroque style are decorated with sculptures, paintings, and large mirrors.
Renaissance - style of the Renaissance. Marble and stone are chosen to decorate the room, and the walls are decorated with paintings. The ceilings are vaulted and decorated with stucco. All the wooden furniture used is pretentious.
Empire style is a combination of antiquity and new luxury. Characteristic is the presence of strict symmetry along with bright colors and prominent ornaments. Solid furniture made of natural wood is used, often with a bronze finish.
English is a style in which antique elements are present, such as columns, arches, and there are practically no curved lines. The furniture is densely arranged; the living room often has a fireplace. Textiles are present in large quantities. The mahogany furniture is decorated with carvings.
Modernity goes beyond the classics. It is distinguished by curved lines and asymmetry. The use of furniture and various elements made of wood and metal remains unchanged. The style is characterized by a light green and gray palette.

All styles are characterized by the choice of only expensive materials. For those who want to keep their living room in a cozy classic, but are not ready to spend big, it is recommended to use the economy option - furniture with MDF coating

Neoclassical style

Baroque

Renaissance

Empire style

English style

Modern

Soft

Upholstered furniture in a classic style for the living room should have the correct arrangement and create symmetry. Upholstery and finishing features are of great importance. Sofas and armchairs are characterized by airiness, volume, and simple colors. Both straight and angular models with various transformation mechanisms are used.

Features of sofas and armchairs in various styles:

Neoclassical - all upholstered furniture for the living room looks light and airy. A restrained color scheme is used.
Baroque – there is gilding, making the products look luxurious.
Renaissance - characterized by bright upholstery, with small unobtrusive prints, headboards made of expensive wood.
Empire style - characterized by a large number of decorative details, such as fringe, buttons, stones.

The upholstery of classic furniture sets is made only from natural fabric. Most often it is brocade, velor, fine leather is often used

Neoclassical

Baroque

Renaissance

Empire style

Corpus

The choice of cabinet furniture should also be limited to classic options. Cabinets, shelves, walls, living room display cases and cabinets have the following features:

made of natural wood;
no flashy colors;
models in light colors are often decorated with gold plating;
the patterns necessarily repeat the ornament on the walls or other elements.

Cabinets and shelves must be placed in strict symmetry.

Modular furniture is a good choice for large and small spaces. The walls in the living room are a solid or collapsible set placed along the wall. Shelves and cabinets can be located separately, the latter can be glazed and completely closed, single-leaf or double-leaf. The modular option has advantages:

helps hide unsuccessful coverage;
saves space;
increases the amount of storage space.

Choosing a display cabinet for the living room, types of models

The showcase is an integral part of the furniture ensemble for a classic living room. This is a small cabinet that is equipped with glass doors. Allows you to store things that emphasize wealth and importance. These can be elite alcoholic drinks, travel souvenirs, porcelain dishes. Such furniture should follow the lines of the cabinet and shelves. The optimal option would be to install two small display cases on the sides, maintaining symmetry. Chests of drawers and TV stands are selected based on the overall design of the room. The ideal shape for this traditional style is considered to be a square, so experiments with configuration and materials will be unnecessary.

Tables and chairs

Classic living room furniture should be chosen with functionality in mind. If necessary, the room can be supplemented with a dining table, coffee table or small coffee table. But even here you need to adhere to certain rules.

A dining table and chairs can only be placed in a large, spacious room . Items must be purchased as a set. A table made of solid wood with elaborate legs and chairs with decorative inserts will look very elegant. They must be placed evenly, taking into account symmetry.

Tea and coffee tables are smaller in size than dining tables. They are installed between two armchairs or chairs. They decorate with an additional light source, which is typical for a classic interior. Card tables look more restrained and are made in smaller sizes.

A coffee table in the living room will look advantageous in tandem with a sofa, repeating its shapes and patterns.

Wooden furniture can look boring even in a laconic classic interior, so the tabletops are made of different materials and the legs are decorated. Marble is appropriate in a bathroom or a classic kitchen. However, it is also used in the interior of the living room. The legs of tables and chairs are decorated with gold plating, repeating the decor of the cabinets

Living room furniture in modern classic style

Furniture plays an important role in such an interior, because it becomes its basis. It must be remembered that there is a risk of oversaturating the room with unnecessary details; special care must be taken in small rooms. The main principles of furniture selection: sophistication, good quality, practicality, ergonomics and necessity.

Recommended articles on this topic:

Children's room design
Bedroom interior
How to make an apartment cozy

Of course, when decorating the interior of the living room taking into account the requirements of fashion and modernity, you should give preference to exclusive furniture. Note that the traditional classic living room is distinguished by the fact that priority is given to multifunctional, practical and comfortable furniture. For example, the use of corner items and modular sets located throughout the space becomes the basis of the style.

We advise you to use a minimum of decor, because all attention is focused not on quantity, but on quality.

Furniture must be selected in accordance with certain characteristics:

1. Eliminate pretentious and eye-catching interior items that not only indicate wealth, but flaunt it.

2. Various experiments are not allowed: furniture is strictly with straight lines and strong construction. Smooth lines, if any, must be complemented by hard ones.

3. The furniture is exclusive, handmade to order, and this work should be noticeable even to the naked eye. If you want a living room in a modern classic style, you will have to buy the appropriate interior elements.

4. Upholstered furniture (usually a sofa, a set of armchairs, ottomans and sometimes an original ottoman) should be elegant and laconic. Wooden materials as a base and expensive textiles add uniqueness and aristocratic features.

As a rule, furniture is made of the following materials:

cherry;
velvet;
Red tree;
gilded or bronze metal;
nut;
leather;
marble;
velours.

5. Corner furniture or glazed cabinets should have classic elements.

6. Often used:

gilded and silver-tinted parts;
grooved legs;
elements of ancient Greek architecture.

7. A fireplace or its imitation with nearby ottomans or armchairs will make the living room more comfortable.

Neoclassical features:

In addition to such general characteristics as practicality, restraint and minimalism, neoclassicism also has other features:

1. Light natural shades. Calm, muted tones predominate. White, beige, ivory, cream, baked milk, light gray, brown, which make the room spacious. Dark, rich shades and bright colors are acceptable as accents.

2. Competent planning. Modern classics suggest space. Minimum partitions. Light and high ceilings, ideally larger windows. All this will emphasize the authenticity of the style.

3. Straight lines and symmetry. Various curls and sharp bends are excluded. Only straight silhouettes and smooth curves. This applies to both furniture and accessories. A paired arrangement of sofas, lamps, armchairs and other elements will emphasize the beauty of the room.

In the photo: hallway in neoclassical style. House project in Uchaly.

4. High-quality finish. Wallpaper and other finishing materials should be restrained and simple, but not boring or old-fashioned. To decorate walls in neoclassical style, decorative plaster, moldings, overlay wall panels, and embossed wallpaper are often used. These materials have a variety of decor and good quality, hence the high price.

What color should you use to design a living room in the style of modern classics?

A living room in the style of modern classics, as a rule, uses natural, calm shades without bright flashy colors. The living room is necessarily symmetrical. In addition, it is important to maintain the correct shape and harmony of accessories. The purpose of this room is complete rest, and therefore it is important to take the choice of color seriously.

The interior must be made with a predominance of the following shades:

beige;
purple;
chocolate;
creamy;
light green;
olive;
white;
mint;
peach;
black;
silver;
pale pink;
golden.

The color scheme in the interior is selected very carefully. The wallpaper matches the tone of the furniture, eliminating unnecessary variety of colors. A variety of patterns look great on interior items in pastel colors. It is unacceptable to decorate walls with flashy and neon colors.

If you need to focus on color, you should take a closer look at shades such as coral, turquoise, and lilac. Accessories can be exactly these colors.

Classic modern living room (video)

Before making your living room in a modern classic style, you should contact professionals who will help you choose the most suitable details for this style and comfortable furniture so that everything together looks quite modern and fits together. The entire interior should be very well thought out down to the smallest details. You can install plaster panels on the wall in the hallway, and you can make a fireplace in the classic-style living room. Due to its appearance, such an element can become the center of attention in the room.

Living room decoration in modern classic style

The light palette in the interior decoration of this style is justified for two reasons. First of all, it is aesthetics - the room becomes stylish and fashionable. In addition, the airy effect visually enlarges the room.

In most cases, wallpaper is chosen for wall decoration. The choice is rich, it can be a texture with or without a pattern. In traditional classic versions, wallpaper with large prints and ornaments is used. Modern style allows the use of drawings and patterns, but with restrictions in certain areas. Among the motifs there are stripes and lines, geometric shapes, floral patterns, etc.
Vertical columns in light colors look elegant, dividing the walls into zones. An expressive and complete look is achieved with the help of moldings, which serve as a separation of two coatings of different textures: walls and ceiling. Sometimes the decision is made to cover the walls with wood panels - this is a more conservative option.
The ceiling is finished in various ways using a variety of materials. The choice is the most optimal option for the owner in terms of budget, while emphasizing the style of modern classics. Multi-level white plasterboard ceilings with elegant stucco molding will add luxury to the atmosphere, and in addition, visually expand the living room area. The effect of natural stucco is sometimes created with the help of moldings. Recently, preference has often been given to tension materials with a glossy effect.
The floors in the living room do not carry a special aesthetic load. Therefore, you can use a laminate that imitates a wooden texture, ceramic tiles, or parquet patterns. The main thing is not to overdo it with the color scheme; preference should be given to muted tones.

Modern classics are an elegant style that imposes strict rules on the use of details in decoration. Without help, creating the living room of your dreams in this style is extremely difficult. There are too many details here that are problematic to take into account on your own: after all, you will have to think through everything, from materials to decorations. In this case, it is worth entrusting the work to a qualified specialist, despite some costs.

Floor

To cover floor surfaces in a classic style, choose proven and reliable parquet. Parquet elements can be laid out in a certain pattern, the appearance of such a coating is aesthetic, and the naturalness and practicality of such a material have a beneficial effect on the surrounding atmosphere. Along with parquet boards, laminate panels are also often used.

It is acceptable to include ceramic tile elements in light colors in the design of floors. If you decide to use such a floor cloth, then it is laid out in the center of the room and not covered with a carpet.

The ceiling canvas plays an important role in a classic interior, because it is it that can emphasize the style of the room. The ceiling is decorated with various cornices, paintings and stucco elements, and rosettes for a ceiling chandelier. The main thing when designing it is to maintain symmetry.

Wall surfaces can be decorated in different ways. Wallpaper with a vertical pattern or a floral print applied using the embossing technique looks appropriate on them.

Fabric upholstery looks very expensive and luxurious. Wood panels or a decorative layer of plaster add naturalness to the atmosphere. The painted canvases look gorgeous.

Decorative stucco elements, moldings, columns and half-columns fit organically into the interior composition.

Door and window openings are decorated in a classic interior with columns and moldings. Windows should be large. Plastic is not typical for classicism, so preferably windows should be made of natural wood.

Decorating window openings, classic curtains in the living room are always multi-layered designs, sewn from noble fabrics in the form of velvet, brocade, silk or satin. Decorate the composition with tassels and tiebacks, folds and abundant drapery. The window decoration is completed with forged or carved cornices.

Living room decor and lighting in modern classic style

When it comes to decorating a living room in the style of modern classics, design experts advise observing moderation and not cluttering the interior with an abundance of details. A large number of decorations, even the most refined and luxurious ones, can easily spoil a classic interior thought out to the smallest detail. It is clear that the number of parts is not specified anywhere, but dozens of figures on shelves are too pretentious for a classic.

Greek vases and vessels;
porcelain and ceramic figurines;
paintings;
mirrors in elegant frames;
heavy curtains with lambrequins;
patterned lamps.

Decorative elements must have a pattern, possibly a floral ornament or images with mythological motifs. Decorations are not always purely decorative; additional functionality is welcome. Gold-plated or crystal dishes look great.

The main decorative element is textiles; a lot of it is used in decoration. Curtains made of silk, jacquard or satin with unusual lambrequins and tassels will be the best decoration for windows. Pillowcases and capes for upholstered furniture are sewn from the same fabric. Preference, as a rule, is given to material without a pattern or with a discreet pattern that diverts attention from other details of the living room.

The color of the curtains should correspond to the general concept and be repeated in upholstered furniture.
The texture of the curtain fabric plays a big role; from the variety of materials you should choose velvet, silk, brocade, and velor.
You can decorate the living room windows in a modern classic style with curtains with different design techniques: lambrequins, lush folds, tassels. However, apartment owners often prefer ordinary curtains without the use of decorations.

Stucco molding has always been considered a necessary part of the living room in the traditional classics, and modern requirements retain this element, but significantly reducing it. Stucco is used on the ceiling, present in ceiling roses and coffered ceilings.

Previously, only very wealthy people could afford expensive fabrics with clear and expressive patterns. Therefore, in traditional classics, gold fabric was present in almost everything. Currently, it is also in demand, but in less bright shades, pastel colors predominate. Just a couple of years ago, metallic materials without a pattern were often in demand, but now monochrome fabrics are increasingly preferred.

It should be remembered that the obligatory important elements of modern classics (carpets, upholstery, curtains, capes and bedspreads) have serious disadvantages: they are susceptible to contamination and dust collection, and are labor-intensive to clean surfaces.

Place prints with neutral subjects on the walls. The choice of frames is not limited by anything. They can be either ordinary without decorations or embossed gilded.
Mirrors on the walls are an essential element of the classic style; their size can be small or the entire wall. Sometimes several mirrors in patterned frames are used simultaneously.
For modern classics, voluminous vases imitating antique porcelain, candlesticks, tea sets and other accessories are suitable.

For a living room in a modern classic style, it is not recommended to skimp on lighting. A crystal chandelier with pendants is usually placed in the center of the hall.

tall floor lamps with textile lampshades to match the upholstery of upholstered furniture;
wall sconces that help create a romantic mood;
lamps on stands.

A room cannot be complete without natural light. This effect is possible thanks to the decoration of the walls, the presence of mirrors, and large window openings. Lighting and sliding glass doors are added to separate the space from other rooms. Such an elegant detail helps to visually increase the space of the room when the doors are open.

Modern classic living rooms: their features

Classics have always been fashionable. It is used to emphasize a high standard of living, subtlety of taste and stylistic perfection. This design looks great. Classic style is associated with aesthetics, pleasant relaxation and family comfort.

Distinctive features of a living room in a modern classic style:

The presence of unique accessories such as candlesticks, boxes, porcelain figurines and mirrors;
Textiles that are distinguished by sophistication;
Natural finish;
The uniqueness of the decor, which can be expressed by columns, fireplace, paintings;
Expensive furniture;
Soft color shades predominate;
Calm;
Symmetry.

Modern classic style looks great in a room with high ceilings. The hall itself does not have to be large. If necessary, you can expand it using ordinary mirrors. As for the floor finish, it should be covered with a modern deck-type installation or herringbone. The shade is selected to match the design.

It is recommended to pay attention to the carpeting. It will perfectly complement the overall interior and give the living room comfort and coziness.

Classic living rooms are advised to use pastel-colored wallpaper that has a vertical pattern. Non-standard wall decoration is also welcome. These can be wooden panels or plaster rosettes.

Don't forget about the design of the ceiling. It should be painted in a light color to visually increase the height of the walls and create a feeling of freedom.

Kitchen-living room in modern classic style

In modern homes, the kitchen is usually multifunctional: it is used to prepare food and also receive close guests. In this option, a combination of kitchen and living room is possible, allowing you to combine the style of modern classics with practicality.

The connection of two rooms with different functionality visually expands the space of the apartment. At the same time, the kitchen-living room in a classic style gains versatility and practicality.

The main problem when creating a living room kitchen interior in a classic style, as in any other style, is the smell of the food being prepared. To solve this problem, a well-chosen kitchen hood with high power comes to the rescue.

The distinctive features of this style are furniture made from natural materials, the use of expensive fabrics, stones, precious metals or their analogues in the interior of the kitchen combined with the living room. The arrangement of such a room presupposes the presence of a large free space, since massive furniture in a small room looks more than strange.

When decorating a kitchen-living room in the style of modern classics, you should definitely follow the principle of symmetry and use a neutral color palette (shades of white, cream, beige). An excellent addition to this color scheme would be furniture in light shades with gilding.

comfort,
traditions,
naturalness of the materials used,
ergonomics.

Furniture for such a kitchen is made from natural materials and contains gilded and carved decorations. The color palette of the kitchen is light; these colors go well with wood, which visually enlarges the room.

An additional decoration will be landscape paintings or panels on the wall made of carved wood.

Household appliances in this version of the kitchen are usually built-in. For the floor, you can use parquet or any other covering with a diagonal pattern that visually expands the space. To decorate a window in such a kitchen, you should not take heavy, bulky fabrics; It is better to use lightweight curtain material or pleated curtains.

The main problem of a small kitchen is the lack of necessary storage space.

Principles for choosing furniture

With a neutral wall color, cabinet furniture plays first fiddle in the design. Cabinets and cabinets, tables and chairs in any classic style should be made of solid wood (not pine) or covered with veneer. The natural beauty of wood cannot be replaced by anything. It is highly undesirable to use furniture with a plastic coating that imitates the texture of natural wood. Elements of high-tech style are completely unacceptable: glass tables and metal furniture, especially with shiny nickel-plated elements.

Sofas and armchairs should be of a simple, laconic shape, with smooth curves, not too bulky, and not pretentious in shape. Furniture can be quite massive on short modern legs and in a traditional classic style: compact armchairs and sofas on tall wooden legs of a simple shape. Upholstery in discreet colors; it is possible to use striped furniture fabrics for traditional furniture with legs.

Final tips on how to create a living room in the style of a modern classic

Light natural shades . Light colors will help create a cozy, light and non-irritating atmosphere. Pastel colors will not irritate, and you can add a touch of freshness with the help of bright accents. No matter what colors you choose to decorate your interior in modern classics, try to maintain their naturalness, because this is where the magic of style lies. A noble and luxurious effect can be achieved through the use of beige shades of silk, linen and genuine leather in the decoration. At the same time, neoclassicism also has a place for bright colors. In different variations you can find chocolate, light green, turquoise and even shades of red.
Capitone . Being an essential part of the interiors of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, capitonne found its place in neoclassicism and is gaining high popularity. And if previously only upholstered furniture could have a carriage screed, now wall panels, tiles and even plumbing fittings can have this effect.
Symmetry . This is a traditional classic method of arranging furniture. Many paired elements, such as lamps, armchairs, jugs, are located framing the fireplace - the central part of the entire room.
Bright classic elements . Having received the best from the classics, neoclassicism contains arches, antique columns, pilasters, crystal lamps, moldings, candlesticks, figurines and mirrors in patterned frames. A special decoration is the stucco molding, which captivates and attracts the attention of even those indifferent to style. But those who have the opportunity to get all this luxury should not oversaturate the space with decorative details, otherwise they will be inappropriate.
Fireplace . The fireplace becomes the central part of the room around which the entire interior is located. This is an important and integral element of modern classics. In addition to its aesthetic function, the fireplace symbolizes a home that can unite the whole family around it. It’s very nice to spend time with your family having heart-to-heart conversations, a cup of freshly brewed tea, and looking at a real fire.
Single space . Regarding the division into zones in the interior of an apartment in a modern classic, you should get rid of a large number of small rooms and create a studio. Such a room with combined functionality can have smooth transitions from one zone to another. Columns and half-columns will be an excellent way of zoning, and doors will be replaced by arches.
Natural materials complemented by modern ones. The feature that distinguishes the modern classic style in the interior from classical conservatism will be the combination of natural materials with modern ones. Thus, marble, granite, and ceramics will become natural assistants that can be combined even with ordinary plastic. Parquet would be an excellent choice for the floor, and the ceiling can easily be decorated with decorative wood-imitation panels. This approach will be good in any room.

Living room in modern classic style: photo

Cooperating with is reliable and prestigious. The specialists working here are professionals of the highest level. operates throughout Moscow and the Moscow region.