It is extremely important for health that the spine is in the correct healthy position at night. The orthopedic effect in a mattress is the ability of the surface to adapt to the natural shape of the spine, support it and remove any tension in the joints and muscles.
A high-quality orthopedic mattress is useful not only as prescribed by a doctor.
A comfortable, hard sleeping surface will help:
- the child to form correct posture;
- an office worker to regain strength after a day of sedentary work;
- anyone who wants to slouch less or get rid of pain in the lower back and other parts of the spine.
How to choose a mattress with orthopedic properties
When choosing a new sleeping surface, you must take into account not only the visual design and price of the mattress, but also many other factors. Here are the key parameters to help define your needs:
- Health status. If you do not have significant problems with the spine, you do not suffer from back pain after a working day, you can give preference to any mattress that suits you according to other characteristics. If you want to correct your posture or suffer from back pain, consult a doctor for advice before purchasing a mattress. He will select the appropriate bed hardness for you.
- Body mass. The higher the user's weight, the more durable the mattress should be. Be sure to pay attention to the maximum load in the product description. If you get a mattress that is designed to hold less weight, it will not provide adequate back support and will quickly break down.
- Age. The older the user, the more delicate and softer the mattress on which he sleeps should be. Over the years, the musculoskeletal system wears out and requires more careful treatment. This does not mean that you should completely abandon orthopedic mattresses, but it is better to choose comfortable models with soft covering layers made of natural latex or memory foam on an independent spring block TFK and S1000.
We have selected a rating of the best mattresses on which sleeping is healthy, comfortable and very pleasant!
Types of springless mattresses
But elasticity is not achieved by springs alone. An alternative approach is to use layers of different materials. Both natural and artificial fillers can be used. Such mattresses are called springless.
Monolithic models use exactly one solid layer. For ease of use, it is placed in a decorative case. The characteristics in this case are completely determined by the filler: latex will be pleasantly elastic, coconut coir will be hard, and polyurethane foam will be airy soft. To adjust orthopedic parameters, perforation with holes of various shapes is used. Mattresses for sofas are often of this type.
In mixed construction mattresses, the base block is complemented by layers of other materials with a smaller thickness. This allows you to complement and expand the range of possible characteristics. For example, adding latex to a coconut block will make it softer while maintaining the strength of the base.
Layered mattresses are similar to mixed mattresses: they also use several fillers. However, the thickness of the layers in this case is approximately equal. In bilateral modifications, the stiffness parameters will be different for the conditional “top” and “bottom” - you can alternate them for a therapeutic effect.
Life hack: Some manufacturers offer to assemble a mattress yourself from the available options. This way you can adjust the parameters to individual preferences.
BeautySon Hit Comfort S1200 with ergonomic spring block
Prices for popular sizes BeautySon Hit Comfort S1200: 16,269 ₽ for 80×200, 25,491 ₽ for 140×200
Double-sided mattress of medium height (18 cm) BeautySon Hit Comfort C1200 has a pronounced orthopedic effect, thanks to the multi-zone spring block at the heart of the design. 5 stiffness zones and 600 springs per sq.m. Provide optimal support to every part of the spine from the neck to the tailbone and help relax the muscles in the back and legs.
On top of the springs lie centimeter layers of hard latexed coconut and elastic natural latex, in combination they give medium rigidity - a combination of comfort and orthopedicity. At the bottom there is 1 cm of latex coconut coir, this side is rigid, perfectly supports the spine, suitable for sleeping with scoliosis and periodic pain in the neck and shoulders. It is comfortable to sleep on in hot weather: coir is well ventilated and helps the body “breathe”.
The model is covered with a voluminous cover made of double jacquard with quilting on padding polyurethane and polyurethane foam. The mattress is designed for a load of up to 120 kg and is reinforced on all sides with vertical Z-springs made of thick wire, and not with a polyurethane foam (PPU) box. They completely protect the edges from denting and do not interfere with the structure’s ventilation through the built-in aerators (unlike the PU foam frame). The manufacturer recommends changing sides at least once every 3 months.
| Spring | 2 in 1 | The price is higher | Up to 120 kg | 18 cm |
Reviews of thin mattresses
Peter: I didn’t see the point in thin mattresses for a long time, but in practice they turned out to be comfortable. After the old sofa, the impressions are amazing. The night spent with relatives was remembered for a long time, since I was unable to sleep on an ordinary spring mattress. I am planning to buy such a product for the bedroom.
Ekaterina: There has been a small sofa in the living room for several years now, with massive buttons recessed into the bottom. Household members often sleep on the sofa and complain about feeling unwell afterwards. You never get it right the first time. The problem was solved in an extraordinary way - they bought a thin orthopedic mattress for the sofa. Now children do not want to sleep in their room, preferring to spend their free time lying in front of the TV. Guests stay longer, relatives visit more often.
Marianna: guests regularly appear in the house and need to be accommodated somewhere for several days. Renting a hotel room is expensive. It was decided to purchase several orthopedic thin mattresses that can be laid on a folding bed and sofa. Guests get enough sleep and their sides don’t hurt in the morning. When comparing prices for full mattresses, thin mattresses are inexpensive. Next year we want to purchase several more models, including for the bedroom.
Light Way Mix with technological soy foam and wool
Prices for popular sizes Light Way Mix 14,648 RUR for 80×200, 22,916 RUR for 140×200
Another double-sided mattress based on a 5-zone spring block. But here per sq.m. there are 400 springs of different stiffnesses. The shoulder and lumbar girdle areas are reinforced with vertical polyurethane foam rollers. They provide two centimeters of natural HR Solid Foam (made in Spain) made from soybean oil and provide universal medium hardness: this material perfectly supports and relieves the spine, does not put pressure on the soft tissues of the body, and is suitable for regular sleep.
Solid Foam is an analogue of natural latex, but has greater elasticity and durability. Natural soy foams are considered the best materials in mattresses for regular sleep.
The product comes in a branded checkered case with a zipper made of jersey - a dense knitted fabric made from natural threads. This material does not electrify and perfectly fixes bed linen.
| Spring | 2 in 1 | The price is higher | Up to 110 kg | 18 cm |
Two or one?
For a double bed, you can buy either one wide or two mattresses. But it would be correct to make a purchase based on the health status of the household. If one of them has diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and the other is healthy, then it is better to buy different mattresses for a double bed. This will be the right option. Although the price of the products will be different.
Which width is best? If a person sleeps restlessly, spreads his legs and arms in his sleep, then sleeping next to him is not easy. You can purchase mattresses 1.5-2 meters wide. The price will be higher, but on such a “bridgehead” you can sleep either lengthwise or across.
With osteochondrosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine, pinched nerve roots in the vertebrae, it can be very difficult to find a suitable mattress. Many manufacturers are wishful thinking, producing mattresses that are far from orthopedic in their characteristics. In appearance, this “best” option looks both stylish and neat, and the seller will read a convincing speech about its exceptional beneficial properties. But in fact, a few days later, after sleeping on such a bed, the unlucky buyer’s whole body begins to ache, and unkind thoughts appear regarding the mattress, the seller and the manufacturer.
To avoid such incidents, it is better to take your favorite pillow (spreader) with you and test the properties of the mattress you like on your body right in the store. In the end, you have to pay a lot of money for this product, which you also have to spend on a bunch of medications for osteochondrosis and other pathologies of the spine.
Mr.Mattress BioCrystal Effect XL with a unique crystal layer
Prices for popular sizes Mr.Mattress BioCrystal Effect XL 13,955 RUR for 80×200, 22,919 RUR for 140×200
Many people think that hardness is a mandatory property of the best orthopedic mattresses, but this is not so. The moderately soft BioCrystal Effect XL model combines targeted support for the skeletal system, thanks to a 7-zone block of independent springs SSP 1000, and maximum comfort and softness of elastic Memorix foam (2 cm layers on both sides). This structure is suitable for anyone who is used to sleeping on a soft surface and needs rest after a day of hard physical work, as well as people over 55 years of age and pregnant women. The 18 cm high model is designed for a weight of no more than 100 kg.
The unique patented Croatian technology of bioactive crystals BioCrystal from 16 natural elements, including silver and gold, with the help of energy waves helps to restore strength faster and improves overall well-being.
The cover, made of thick cotton with voluminous quilting on padding polyester, is removable. For care, the manufacturer recommends dry cleaning it, and to protect it from dirt, we recommend using a moisture-proof mattress cover of the same brand.
| Spring | 1 hardness | The price is higher | Up to 100 kg | 18 cm |
Mattress selection options
Children's mattresses for newborns are selected according to the following parameters:
Dimensions
The width and length of the mattress should be 1 or 2 cm smaller than the bottom of the crib. A large mattress will lie unevenly and lumps will appear. A small mattress will slide along the bottom of the crib.
Rigidity
Pediatricians give clear recommendations on how to choose a mattress for newborns. The mattress should have a medium degree of hardness.
After birth, a baby’s spine is straight and has not yet formed the curve of an adult’s. If the mattress is soft, the spine will be easily deformed.
Filler
There are natural and artificial components from which children's mattresses are made.
The most popular are natural latex (foamed Hevea juice, rubber), horse hair, wool, coconut fiber, artificial fillers - polyurethane foam, foam rubber, struttofiber, holofiber.
Each of them has positive and negative points. The main thing in them is compliance with norms and state standards.
Hygiene
The top cover of the mattress (cover) is made from natural fabrics - cotton, satin. These fabrics are not durable. It is advisable that the cover be made of two or three layers of jacquard fabric and a moisture-resistant lining.
It is worth buying a mattress protector for the mattress. It can be easily removed, washed and dried. All kinds of “impregnations” of the mattress should be abandoned. They will protect against pollution, but will be hypoallergenic.
Mattress Comfort Line Hard-HardStyle Light S1000 for heavy loads
Prices for popular sizes Comfort Line Hard-HardStyle Light S1000 14,735 RUR for 80×200, 23,801 RUR for 140×200
If you have long been looking for a durable orthopedic mattress that is suitable for large and unusual loads, we have a suitable copy from ComfortLine. Typically, strong mattresses of this type are in demand among athletes who engage in strength sports, as well as among people with above average weight.
The basis of a 20-centimeter mattress is an independent block of springs with a density of 500 elements per sq.m. It evenly distributes the load over the surface, does not press through and provides optimal support. Two centimeters of latex coconut coir on top make the side truly rigid and maximally orthopedic: the heaviest pelvic area is reliably supported, the mattress under it does not sag or collapse, the spine is in a natural healthy position and is not loaded during sleep.
On the reverse side, under the springs, there are flooring layers of latex-impregnated coconut fiber and 1 cm of natural latex. This combination combines anatomical body support and comfort. Latex helps relieve muscles during sleep and does not interfere with the flow of lymph throughout the body. Both sides can support up to 150 kg.
The product comes in a stylish cream cotton jacquard case with lush quilting on the canvas.
| Spring | 2 in 1 | The price is higher | Up to 150 kg | 20 cm |
Independent spring mattress
The internal space of models with independent springs is filled with separate pockets with elastic elements. An independent block is nothing more than a tightly laid long ribbon of canvas cases with springs hidden inside each of them. Such mattresses are expensive, so to reduce costs, unscrupulous manufacturers use cheap and harmful materials. When choosing a mattress with independent springs, buy only products from companies with a reliable reputation. For example, Vegas orthopedic mattresses are made of high-quality materials and also undergo triple quality control.
Advantages - orthopedic effect, absence of noise and creaking, no “wave” inherent in bonnel mattresses. An independent mattress is an effective means for the prevention and symptomatic treatment of back diseases. The healing property occurs because each spring case bends individually at each point to which force is applied. The profile of the mattress follows the contours of the back, which is why each vertebra experiences the same minimum load. The lowest price for an independent mattress is 10-15 thousand rubles.
Hönnemed Health on linen and organic soy foam
Prices for popular sizes Hönnemed Health 22,376 RUR for 80×200, 38,178 RUR for 140×200
There are many factories in Russia that produce mattresses for regular sleep. However, the Hönnemed company undertook to develop a medical line of the best models for all spinal problems. Together with orthopedic doctors, they spent several years working on orthopedic mattresses with natural materials and a perfect spring block. A model from this series should have been included in our rating.
A moderately hard model from the premium line of professional mattresses is assembled on a nine-zone Nine Touches spring block with inserts of polyurethane foam columns that strengthen the lumbar area. On both sides of the springs there are 2 layers of linen - a very dense natural material, similar in properties to coconut coir, but more durable and strong. Flax fiber in combination with natural soy foam of increased elasticity Solid Foam gives noticeable rigidity and an orthopedic effect: they support the back in the correct position, relieve the spine and joints, and compensate for the load on soft tissues. Despite the fact that such a surface cannot be called soft, sleeping on it is surprisingly pleasant.
Both filler materials are natural, hypoallergenic and well ventilated.
The high 21-centimeter model is suitable for beds with any side height, looks beautiful in the interior and is designed for a load of no more than 130 kg.
Separately, we note the beautiful cover made of 100% linen jersey with a zipper, it is easy to remove for cleaning. Natural linen in a mattress cover is very rare. It is extremely durable, does not absorb odors and is considered the best antistatic material, so your bed will definitely not become electrified.
| Spring | 1 hardness | High price | Up to 130 kg | 21 cm |
Materials for mattresses
All mattresses use both synthetic and natural fillers that have European CertiPUR certification. Thanks to the materials used, the body is provided with comfort and correct position. One of them is Serta Oxy Comfort orthopedic foam. It has an open structure, which improves ventilation by up to 95%, creating excellent air circulation inside the mattress.
Another porous material used, carbon-impregnated BambooFlex, provides a micro-massage effect. The products contain micro-perforated Serta Talalay latex, which ensures free air circulation. This material:
- hypoallergenic;
- silent;
- thermostable.
Serta Memory Foam contours to the body, reducing back pressure on the shoulders and hips. As a result, the spine takes a natural position and the muscles relax.
Natural latex Eco Latex, which has increased wear resistance, is able to withstand significant pressure and instantly restore its shape. It is used to ensure better air circulation and a softer mattress. The latex layer prevents the vessels from being compressed during rest and has supportive characteristics.
White felt serves as an insulating layer between the soft filler and the spring block. This material, made from cotton raw materials, is endowed with high density, which makes, according to reviews, Serta mattresses (all varieties can be purchased at Askona) elastic and more rigid.
Serta Contour Foam is porous. Thanks to the wavy surface, the inner layers are better ventilated. It also has a micromassage effect.
Serta Viscopur's visco-elastic memory foam contains small springs that compress under stress and heat. Open cells ensure normal air circulation.
BeautySon Hit Vario S1200 with zonal springs
Prices for popular sizes BeautySon Hit Vario S1200 21,828 ₽ for 80×200, 34,199 ₽ for 140×200
Another double-sided mattress from the most popular Hit line of the BeautySon brand. Compared to the Comfort model with which this collection began, it is taller - 22 cm - and consists of thicker layers of fillers. It is also based on a block of independent high-density springs Multipocket with 5 comfort zones. The high orthopedic properties of the upper side of the mattress are created by a 3-centimeter layer of coconut coir: on such a surface the spine is fixed in the correct position and relaxes. Regular sleep on an orthopedic mattress will help correct your posture and relieve pain caused by incorrect body position during the day.
The underside is more comfortable, thanks to a sheet of natural latex on top of one centimeter of coconut. This surface adapts better to the curves of the body, does not put pressure on the muscles, and promotes lymph and blood flow.
The product is assembled using modern glue-free technology and is perfect for allergy sufferers and people with sensitive skin. Along the perimeter, the structure is reinforced with rigid Z-shaped springs, which support the edges from denting and do not interfere with the materials “breathing”.
An important feature of this orthopedic mattress is the lush stitching of the cover on synthetic padding and polyurethane foam. Thanks to him, sleeping comfortably even on the coconut side.
| Spring | 2 in 1 | The price is higher | Up to 130 kg | 22 cm |
What is important for a buyer to know about mattresses?
Structurally, the mattress has three main elements.
- The supporting base is the most important part of the mattress; orthopedic properties depend on it . Located in the center, it is responsible for supporting the body. It can consist of different types of springs; in springless mattresses it is a layer of elastic, durable material. The main thing when choosing a mattress is the correct selection of this particular part! A flimsy base causes the mattress to sag quickly. The properties of the springs can be assessed by pressing the block with your hand. In a springless PU foam mattress, foam rubber with a density of at least 25 can be used as the base.
- The filler system is the name given to the layers that are located above and below the base. Their task is not to create, but only to supplement the support of the foundation and ensure the smooth flow of blood and lymph in the vessels of a sleeping person. Made from rigid, semi-rigid and soft materials. The most common of them are thermal felt, coir, foam rubber of various brands, latex, polyester mats such as strutofiber or periotek. Among the materials there are more and less expensive ones, but their consumer properties do not depend too much on price. What matters is the total thickness of the fillers on one side; it cannot be less than 1.5 cm. The best mattresses have 3 cm or more.
- The cover with internal padding, a system for creating sleep comfort, is designed to provide aesthetic and tactile pleasure from using the mattress . It is important that it absorbs moisture well. The most comfortable microclimate is created by natural fillers: cotton, silk, wool, bamboo, lyocell. But covers quilted with padding polyester and thin foam rubber look luxurious and appeal to inexperienced buyers.
All spring and many springless mattresses are assembled with glue. The main complaints about the smell and the fact that the mattress does not erode are related specifically to the glue. We have prepared a separate article about the causes and consequences of odor, we recommend you read it.
You can choose a high-quality and comfortable mattress in any price category. Read how to do this in a store or online in our other publications.
Double-sided micromassage effect in the Sontelle Vivre Custom Olio mattress
Prices for popular sizes Sontelle Vivre Custom Olio 21,058 ₽ for 80×200, 34,570 ₽ for 140×200
The durable and tall 23-centimeter model Sontell Vivre Custom Olio is ready for loads of up to 130 kg. Inside there is a modern independent TFK spring unit with 256 springs per sq.m. On both sides there are natural layers of sisal and coconut coir. In combination with artificial latex, they provide orthopedic rigidity and targeted support for the spine, helping to evenly distribute weight over the surface without compromising comfort. A layer of artificial Relax Foam with a textured surface gives a slight micro-massage effect - it better relaxes the muscles and adds comfort to the mattress.
The underside of the orthopedic mattress is much softer, thanks to the thick layer of latex under Relax Foam. It adapts to the shape of the back, adds elasticity to the sleeping area, and due to its porous structure, it is well ventilated and does not accumulate dust.
The mattress is covered in a beautiful non-removable cotton jersey with voluminous stitching and signature pink piping.
| Spring | 2 in 1 | The price is higher | Up to 130 kg | 23 cm |
Hybrid mattress
It is a bonnel mattress with an orthopedic pad. Moderately hard filler and conical springs of increased elasticity together create a certain anatomical effect. If a bonnel mattress will harm your sore back, and an independent one is too expensive, choose a mixed model. At the same time, such a spring block design entails the disadvantages inherent in a budget mattress. Namely, the appearance of waves and pronounced creaking. Price: 8-10 thousand rubles.
Benartti Prime Middle S1000 with natural filling
Prices for popular sizes Benartti Prime Middle S1000 18,555 RUR for 80×200, 30,816 RUR for 140×200
In the high 23-centimeter Benartti Prime Middle S1000 mattress, there are as many as 1,000 independent springs per bed! This density allows the mattress to adapt to body weight up to 150 kg, suitable for couples with a significant difference in weight and for non-standard loads.
- On top, a 3-centimeter layer of coconut fiber gives above-average rigidity. In combination with a thin layer of natural latex, it retains its properties (reliably supports all areas of the musculoskeletal system, helps relax joints), but is more comfortable for sleep.
- The underside is medium-hard, thanks to a thin layer of coconut coir and 3 centimeters of latex. Sleeping on it will be comfortable, while latex will help relieve muscle tension and keep the spine in a healthy position. Both materials are of organic origin, breathe well and do not cause allergies.
The very lush non-removable mattress cover is made of elite cream-colored jacquard and is equipped with handles for easy turning over.
| Spring | 2 in 1 | The price is higher | Up to 150 kg | 24 cm |
Spring mattress
First, let's look at what types of spring mattresses there are and their technology. For many years, such mattresses were made using the Bonnel block technology, the essence is that the springs are single and dependent. Naturally, in this case, the orthopedic properties suffer.
The convenience of their use is called into question after a few years; the springs begin to creak, which interferes with normal rest.
Next, we'll look at how to identify a quality mattress. It’s okay, as it may seem, now mattresses made using “Pocket Spring” technology are more common on the market. Now the springs have become completely independent.
If we delve deeper into the technology, each spring is placed in a case and the operation of the springs is completely independent, which has a beneficial effect on the orthopedic properties of the product due to the uniform distribution of body weight.
Strengthened Hönnemed Leben with professional support
Prices for popular sizes Honnemed Leben 28,035 ₽ for 80×200, 42,714 ₽ for 140×200
The moderately hard professional orthopedic model is assembled on the same block with nine comfort zones as the Honnymed Health mattress, but it has more flooring layers: 4 sheets of linen on top and bottom strengthen the structure, protect the springs from any damage and provide reliable support for the spine during all areas. Despite its rigidity, the flax fiber in the mattress adapts to the natural curve of the back and helps maintain correct posture.
The elasticity of the mattress is added by 3 centimeters of highly elastic foam based on natural soybean oil, Solid Foam. Sleeping on such a bed is not too hot; thanks to the correct distribution of weight, the limbs do not become numb, the calves and back muscles relax well, and blood circulation is normalized.
The thick linen fabric cover with signature stitching can be removed if necessary (for persistent stains, it is recommended to have it dry cleaned). It is not recommended to wash the cover yourself!
| Spring | 1 hardness | High price | Up to 130 kg | 25 cm |
Features and Benefits
Thanks to a denser filler and targeted zoning of individual areas of the body, the use of an orthopedic mattress allows you to solve various problems. Distinctive features of products with anatomical properties:
- Increased user comfort while sleeping. Due to the competent distribution of the load on certain areas, the base carefully supports the skeleton in a natural position and creates conditions for deep and restful sleep;
- Preventing the development of cardiovascular diseases. Relaxed muscles do not compress the vertebrae, and, as a result, the nerve endings are not compressed. In turn, this does not interfere with the free flow of lymph and blood, and therefore does not cause disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system;
- Creating conditions for relaxation. A comfortable body position helps you fall asleep quickly and have a comfortable sleep. This property is especially relevant for people with a delicate mental organization, who wake up at the slightest noise and toss and turn in bed for a long time, trying to fall asleep;
- Improvement in general condition. People whose activities involve the spine constantly being in a static position due to a sedentary lifestyle, workers in heavy production, pregnant women and anyone who experiences pain in the lumbosacral region can sleep in the most comfortable position on the bed, so they wake up completely rested;
- Relieving tension from a tired back. The body takes on natural physiological curves, the thoracic and sacral sections are supported in an anatomically correct position, there is no pressure on the intervertebral discs and, accordingly, the musculoskeletal system is completely unloaded;
- Relief of pain due to osteochondrosis, severe pain in the lower back, chest or neck, swelling of the legs or the presence of diseases in the knee or hip joints.
Thus, thanks to a well-chosen mattress, it is possible to form correct posture in children, prevent age-related changes in the skeleton in older people, improve health and improve the quality of life of users.
Elite BeautySon Comfort S2400
Prices for popular sizes BeautySon Comfort S2400 70,044 ₽ for 80×200, 101,295 ₽ for 140×200
The most expensive mattress in our selection is assembled using a glue-free method based on an ergonomic Micropocket spring block; it has a maximum number of independent springs per square meter - 1200 pieces. They distribute weight as efficiently as possible and perfectly adapt to the slightest curves of the spine. Natural sealing layers of latex sisal and latex provide a comfortable medium-firm mattress, that is, a balance of comfort and support and adaptation to the structure of the body. Prima series mattresses are assembled with two covers. The inner cover is made of natural cotton and protects the latex from drying out. The design is perfectly ventilated, thanks to built-in aerators and a foam-free frame (the edges of the product are fixed not with a polyurethane foam box, but with vertical steel Z-springs, which do not deform and strengthen the mattress along the edges).
The height of 25 centimeters allows the mattress to be used on a bed with high sides. The original black cotton cover with voluminous stitching on holofiber creates a truly premium impression of the product.
| Spring | 1 hardness | High price | Up to 140 kg | 25 cm |
What types of orthopedic mattresses are there?
The classification of most modern mattresses is very simple (let’s leave water and inflatable models out of the equation). This is how mattresses are divided according to the type of their base:
| Springless | Made from foam materials (latex, polyurethane foam) |
| Made from fibers (holofiber, coconut) | |
| Spring | On a block of interconnected springs (Bonnel) |
| From individual pocket springs (orthopedic) |
The hardest of all is the coconut mattress. All other models can have different degrees of softness.
Structure of a springless mattress 1.- Base. 2. Filling. 3. Case.
